Mathew Ben Rivers - World War I Hero

Genealogy can be a very rewarding hobby but, until the advent of the Internet, the research needed to find information, beyond what was stored in the family's attic, was a long and slow process. If the ancestor's you were researching happened to have lived in a far away place it was even slower and more limited unless you had the time and money necessary to travel to those places and spend days going through files in libraries, courthouses and other records depositories.

However, with the Internet the process is becoming much easier since much of it can be done from your computer.

While not an ancestor of mine, I became interested in Mathew Juan after seeing the following inscription on a monument dedicated to him in Sacaton, Arizona:

Dedicated to the Memory of
MATHEW B. JUAN
Co, K 28th Infantry
First Arizonan
Killed in the
World War
Battle of Cantingy
May 28, 1918

Prior to seeing this inscription, I had never heard of him. But my curiosity was aroused and, following about twenty hours of research on my computer over a three day weekend I came up with sufficient information to publish the following article on HubPages:

Mathew B. Juan – Native American Hero of World War I

Of course, I also came up with a mystery which I have yet to solve and that is why did he choose to enlist and serve under the name of Mathew B. Rivers? The answer given in all the information I found about him was that he was below the minimum age to enlist so he used a different last name when he enlisted. However, as I pointed out in my article, that argument does not make sense for a number of reasons which I explain in the article.

In the course of my research I came across the following sites for genealogical research:

Funeral Records from Fisher Funeral Home in Casa Grande, Arizona 1920 - 1929

Passenger Lists and other information for Cunard Lines

World War I Casualty List of soldiers from Oklahoma who died when SS Tuscania was sunk by a German U Boat on Feb 5, 1918

U.S. National Archives site for accessing and ordering military records.

DistantCousin.com an online archive of genealogical records

Casa Grande, Arizona Library Newspaper Archive - free access to archive of Casa Grande, Arizona newspapers from early part of 20th century.

Solving the Mystery of Who's Who in Old Photos

Have you ever opened an old photo album or box of old pictures from your grandparent's generation and wondered who the people in the pictures were? Unfortunately, our parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc. were as careless as we are about labeling the pictures we take. After all, I know who the people are in the photo. So, why bother?

Fortunately, or unfortunately, pictures outlast us, but our memories don't, so we end up leaving behind a trove of photos full of, by now, nameless faces.

However, there are ways to identify people in photos even if the photo is 50 - 100 years old and one way is by showing the picture to people in the family who are older than us and are closer to the people in the photos. One technique for doing this is to sit down with a grandparent or great aunt or great uncle and show them the pictures, asking questions as you go along. With luck you will find that they will often either recognize people in the photographs or recognize or remember something about the situation (wedding, anniversary, birthday, holiday, etc.) when the picture was taken which will give you evidence to use when talking to others or searching other sources like old letters, diaries, etc. With even more luck, the picture will spark memories and you may get some good stories as well as identifying people in the pictures. My sister, in an article entitled Time the Identity Thief that she wrote, suggests taping (with permission) these interviews so that you can record the information and stories even if they talk faster than you can write. While the tapes may be looked upon simply as a tool for gathering the information, if stories are involved, the tapes themselves could become as valuable a family treasure as the pictures.

As children, by brother and I got my Uncle Willard started on his World War I stories and taped them on my father's old reel to reel tape recorder so that we could remember them. The tape got put away and twenty some years later my Father transferred the stories to a cassette and sent it to me. My uncle had since died, so I put it away and saved it. A few years ago, with the tape getting older, I transcribed it to save the stories and then, last year I got a program for my PC to handle recording and used the program to digitize the stories on the tape. I then burned some CDs and shared them with my cousins and with my mother's cousin (my Uncle Willard's son) all of whom appreciated the memories of Uncle Willard and his stories.

Recording and saving sound on a computer is easy and inexpensive. While there are numerous options, with prices to match, I have found the following inexpensive hardware and software sufficient to do what I want. Of course there are other, usually more expensive, options as well and many of these offer higher quality and more options for manipulating the content with the computer.

For software I use a product called Audacity which is an open source product that is offered for free under a GNU General Public License (GPL). It has been created by a group of volunteer programmers who maintain and update it with new releases. It can be downloaded from http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ on the web. While they don't charge for the product, the Audacity team does accept donations of cash as well as time from developers and programmers who would like to help with the project. They also sell T-shirts and other clothing with the Audacity name and logo along with some recording equipment at their AudacityStore.com. I personally have found this to be an easy to use tool that meets my, admittedly limited, digital sound recording and editing needs.

For hardware I purchased a simple microphone from a computer store which I just plugged in to PC. The cost of the microphone was less than $20. Lacking a cassette tape player, I purchased a cheap $15 cassette player from Wal-Mart and plugged speakers rather than headphones (the player was designed to be worn on a belt and played through headphones) into the outlet on the unit. Placing the microphone near, but not too close, to the speakers connected to the cassette player I started the Audacity program on the computer, pushed the play button on the player and quietly left the room while the recording was made.

Add a scanner to scan the old pictures and a CD or DVD recorder to your PC (most come with one or both of these now days) and, with a little creativity you can create and distribute your own memory book with pictures and sound.

Letters From Iwo Jima - A Movie Review

This is Clint Eastwood's companion to his film Flags of Our Fathers which was the story of the battle for Iwo Jima and the men who raised the American flag over Mount Suribachi.

Like Flags of Our Fathers, Letters from Iwo Jima tells the story of the battle through the eyes of the soldiers who fought there. Although this is an American production, almost all of the dialog is in Japanese with English subtitles. The only time when English is spoken in the film is in the few scenes in which Americans are present. Watching both films, one finds themselves gasping at the horror that each side had to endure. Unlike Joyeux Noel, which told the story of the unofficial World War I Christmas truce in which Scot, French and German soldiers crossed the lines and celebrated Christmas with each other, there is very little feeling of goodwill toward the other side in either film. This is war most brutal.

Yet the foot soldiers on each side really had more in common with each other than they had differences. Their nations are at war and the politicians on each side, sitting safely behind the lines, urge them to fight harder. Yet most of these foot soldiers are just ordinary men who have been yanked away from their jobs and families to fight. Their main objective, while doing their duty to their respective countries, is to stay alive and get back to their families and their lives.

One of the amazing things about this film is that it is an American film attempting to tell the story from the Japanese point of view. Of course, in reading some reviews there are criticisms from some Japanese quarters complaining about little American basis that creep in here and there. Given Japan's near refusal to even acknowledge, let alone apologize for the suffering inflicted on countries like China and Korea during the war by Japan, it seems strange to criticize an American film for not presenting the Japanese view with 100% accuracy. After all, how many nations, a mere 60 years after a bitter war have a scene in a movie, as this one does, showing their troops shooting prisoners who have already surrendered?

Like Flags of Our Fathers, before it, this is a film about ordinary soldiers struggling to do what is expected of them and to survive in conditions that are difficult outside of battle and pure horror during the battles. Politics and ideology are largely absent in both films and this makes it easier for the viewer to emphasize with the soldiers in both films.

NOTE: This review was first published by me on FusePress.com and Blogevolve two sites with low readership and where no longer (in the case of FusePress) publish or rarely publish (Blogevolve).

The Easter Bunny

Like St. Nicholas' name morphing into Santa Claus, so too has the Easter Hare evolved into the Easter Rabbit and Easter Bunny. In a previous article entitled The Origins of the Easter Rabbit I discussed how the word Easter itself and the tradition behind a hare or rabbit delivering eggs at Easter came from customs associated the old Saxon Vernal (Spring) Equinox festivals which survived and merged into our present day Easter customs when the Saxons converted to Christianity. Like many of our Christian holiday customs, the Easter Rabbit has its roots in pre-Christian customs which survived the abandoning of the old religion and embracing of the new Christian religion. At Easter this is especially true of customs involving the celebration of rebirth and renewal, which were associated in pagan times with new life of spring, as Easter is the Christian celebration of Christ's resurrection and new life for mankind.

Originally the rabbit associated with Easter was a hare which is a close cousin to the rabbit and is found in both Europe (where it is more common) and the United States (the jack rabbit of the Southwest is a hare and not a rabbit). The main difference between a rabbit and a hare is that hares tend to be larger, nest in shallow indentations above ground rather than in underground burrows and, finally, hares give birth to young which have fur and whose eyes are open at birth as opposed to rabbits who give birth to young who are initially hairless and whose eyes do not open until a few days after birth.

In The Origins of the Easter Rabbit article I discuss how the tradition of the Easter Rabbit evolved and made its way from Germany to the rest of Europe and then to North America and beyond.

While it is easy to explain how the Easter Hare became the Easter Rabbit given that the two are practically identical as far as looks are concerned and the fact that rabbits are more common in the U.S. But, the question of how did hares and rabbits come to be known as bunnies is a more difficult question. In fact, in my research, the best I could do is find a consensus, of sorts, of guesses.

The consensus of guesses that I found was that our word bunny comes from the Scots Gaelic word bun which was used to describe a swelling, a stump or a root. The term bun appears to have made its way into English where, in the sixteenth or seventeenth century, it was used to describe swellings, human rear ends, and the small tail of rabbits. The word was also applied to small, individual loaves of bread which came to be known as buns (more commonly dinner rolls in the U.S.). As near as most can determine, the term bun was applied in English first to the tail of the rabbit, then its entire rear end. Ironically, the word was also originally applied to the tail of a squirrel. Somewhere along the line the diminutive bunny appeared, first as a term of endearment to describe a child or woman and then later it began to be used to describe young rabbits and squirrel's. In time the term was dropped from squirrels but stuck with rabbits, especially young rabbits. It also tended to fall out of use as a term of endearment for women and children.

Regardless of its origin, the term bunny is now used almost interchangeably with rabbit. However, while synonymous with rabbit, the term bunny still conjures up a softer, cuter image in most people's minds and this can be seen more vividly when comparing images of the Easter Rabbit from a century ago with more recent images of today's lovable Easter Bunny.

Happy St. Patrick's Day!

In honor of St. Patrick's Day her are some traditional Irish Blessings and bits of Irish Wisdom:

May the love and protection St. Patrick can give
Be yours in abundance as long as you live

Tis better to buy a small bouquet and give to your friend this very day,
then a bushel of roses white and red to lay on his coffin after he's dead

May there always be work for your hands to do
May your purse always hold a coin or two
May the sun always shine warm on your windowpane, may a rainbow be certain to follow each rain. May the hand of friend always be near you, and may God fill your heart with gladness to cheer you!


These things I warmly wish for you:
Someone to love,
Some work for your hands to do,
a bit o' sun
a bit o' cheer
and a guardian angel always near



And here is a good Irish Joke:

The 98-year-old Mother Superior from Ireland was dying. The nuns gathered around her bed trying to make her last journey comfortable. They gave her some warm milk to drink, but she refused.

One of the nuns took the glass back to the kitchen. Remembering a bottle of Irish whiskey received as a gift the previous Christmas, she opened and poured a generous amount into the warm milk.

Back at Mother Superior's bed, she held the glass to her lips. The mother drank a little, then a little more, and before they knew it, she had drunk the whole glass down to the last drop.

"Mother," the nuns asked with earnest, "please give us some wisdom before you die."

She raised herself up in bed and with a pious look on her face said,

"Don't sell that cow !!"

Here are some links to some of my other articles on St. Patrick's Day and Other Things Irish:

St. Patrick's Day Article

Eamon de Valera - Ireland's First President

Dual Irish and American Citizenship

Edward O'Hare - the Name Behind Chicago's Famous Airport


Hugo O'Connor the Founder of Tucson

Wrong Way Corrigan - New York to Los Angeles via Dublin

Jacques de Meulles and His Playing Card Money

As the Intendant of the French colony of New France (Canada) in 1684, de Meulles solved the problem of lack of currency in circulation resulting from the failure of the French government to send money to pay the troops stationed there by placing a number and his signature on the backs of playing cards and using them as the official currency.

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Edward O'Hare - the Name Behind Chicago's Famous Airport

There is a heroic and colorful story behind the man after whom one of the nation's busiest airports, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, has been named after.

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How to Show Love for Step Children

Brief article detailing how to raise step-children as your own. George Washington is cited as an example of a good step-parent.

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Make Money and Win Prizes Writing for HubPages

There is a new contest at HubPages.com and it is a good opportunity for new bloggers on that site to get off to a fast start. The contest is called HubLove and began at noon (Pacific Time) February 14th (Valentine's Day) and will end at noon (Pacific Time) on March 15th.

Each day at noon California time a clue will appear on the contest page. The first person to guess the single word to which the clue refers receives one point. Users then have 24 ours to write an original article of 300 words or more in which the word is used both in the text of the article as well as used as a tag for the article (HubPages provides an easy to use feature for tagging the articles they publish on the site. Users can submit up to ten articles per day on the topic for that day and receive one point for each article submitted plus 5 points if the judge, who rotates every day and is always one of the writers for Hub pages and not an employee of HubPages, selects your page as the winner. Since the Hub writer who is selected as judge for the day is not allowed to participate in the contest that day, he or she is rewarded with 5 points for being judge.

Top contestants and their scores are posted on a leader board each day. On March 15th the person with the most points will be declared the winner and will receive a prize of electronic equipment worth close to $5,000.

This contest will be more difficult to win than the one HubPages ran in the Fall of 2006. In that contest they provided a list of topics people wanted and writers were encouraged to write an article on one of these topics. Each day HubPages would draw one article written on a topic from the topic list and published that day and award that person a cash prize. HubPages were relatively new at the time so it didn't have the huge body of writers that it has now. Also, on many days very few people submitted articles. I tried to submit one or more articles each day during the contest and frequently I won simply because no one else submitted an article from the list that day. It is more competitive now and there is only one grand prize rather than a daily prize.

However, as I see it and as I wrote in an article on HubPages after the contest ended was that, while the cash prizes were great, the real value of the contest to me was that my competitive nature compelled me to write and enter a lot of articles. It also forced me to write on a wide range of topics. The end result was a that I started 2007 with close to 100 hubs, many of them the result of the contest and many of these contest hubs became very popular and continue to this day to generate Google AdSense revenue for me. So, if you enjoy writing and would like to make some money writing, click here to get the details on the HubLove Contest and join HubPages (it is free).

It's Official – Punxsutawney Phil Predicts Six More Weeks of Winter for 2008

Today is February 2nd and that means it is Ground Hog's Day. The day on which rodents commonly called groundhogs are supposed to crawl out of the holes in which they have been hibernating these past few months and check to see if spring has arrived.

Like any human being awaken by an alarm clock early on a cold winter's morning, rising on a wintery day such as today must be difficult for groundhogs as well. But, thanks to whatever alarm clock nature has programmed into their brains, arise they do on this day every February second, and, despite the cold, leave their warm winter shelter and perform the duty that nature has thrust upon their species.

Like clockwork, the nation's official groundhog, Punxsutawney Phil, rose at sunrise this morning and, after crawling out of his warm bed, nodded at the crowed assembled before him, sniffed the air and looked upon the ground to see if his shadow was visible.

Sure enough, Phil's shadow was visible to both him, his handlers and Bill Cooper the President of the Punxsutawney association responsible for Phil's upkeep. Where upon President Bill Cooper proclaimed to the assembled crowd which included representatives of the world's press:

As I look around me, a bright sky I see, and a shadow beside me.
Six more weeks of winter it will be!

And so, the news has been flashed around the world that winter will linger in North America for another six weeks. With his duty done and the world informed, Phil crawled back into bed for another six weeks of sleep and the little town of Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania settled back into obscurity for another twelve months.

More Groundhog Day Links:

The Origin of Groundhog Day A brief account of the origins, history and traditions associated with Groundhog Day.

Official 2007 Groundhog Day Forecast Includes photo and information about Canada's Official Groundhog Wiarton Willie

Candlemas - The End of the Christmas Season Learn about the link between Groundhog Day and the Christmas Season.

Is There a Flying Car In Your Future?

Since the early days of aviation and the automobile visionaries have dreamed of combining the automobile and the airplane into a single vehicle. Today, there are inventors and entrepreneurs who are working hard to make that dream come true. Don't be surprised if, in the not too distant future, you neighbor calls you over to see his new autoplane.

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A Visit to the Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch

Located just off Interstate 10 in Picacho, Arizona, the Rooster Cogburn Ostrich Ranch is both a working ostrich ranch and a popular local tourist spot. In addition to ostriches, visitors can also see close-up and feed deer and lorikeets - tropical birds that look like parrots.

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How to Emigrate to Ireland

Article describing types of Irish citizenship along with naturalization process for foreign citizens who do not qualify for dual Irish and another citizenship as a result of being born to foreign citizen parents in Ireland, citizenship through Foreign Births Registry or post-nuptial citizenship.

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Rocky Point / Puerto Penasco Mexico

Puerto Penasco (called "Rocky Point" by Americans) is fast growing resort town on the eastern shore of the Gulf of California just south of the border in Mexico. With its beautiful beaches and ocean fishing, this area is gaining a world wide reputation as a vacation spot. And the resort industry is quickly building new luxury beach front resorts.

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Global Warming Promises to Open the Northwest Passage

The famed Northwest Passage - a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the northern border of Canada in the Arctic Ocean - which explorers searched for for centuries may soon be a reality if global warming continues.

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Companies Compete to Digitize Books

Amazon.com has joined the book digitization effort. The growing number of companies in the movement is a positive effect for consumers as the range of books to choose from and options for obtaining books is expanding rapidly while prices of books are falling.



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A Visit to Rochester's Warner Castle

Warner Castle sits in the middle of Rochester, New York's beautiful Highland Park. Built in 1854 as the home of local judge and businessman Horatio Gates Warner, the castle was a part of the nineteenth century tradition among the rich of modeling their palatial homes after European castles.



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Annual Lilac Festival in Rochester New York

Pictures and commentary on the lilacs in Highland Park in Rochester, New York. History of lilacs and of the century old park that is world famous for its lilac collection.



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A Very civil War in the Arctic

A somewhat humorous account of the dispute between Canada and Denmark over control of Hans Island - an uninhabited rock in the Arctic between Greenland and Canada. Because of Global Warming interest in the island has increased as whoever controls Hans Island also controls the resources (including oil) in the surrounding sea.



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Speech of Samuel S. Fisher at the 1869 At First Memorial Day Celebration in 1869

Below is a patriotic speech given on May 30, 1869 at the Memorial Day celebration at Arlington Cemetery. Fisher was, at that time the Commissioner of Patents in the U.S. Government and this was the nation's first official honoring of the dead in the Civil War.

The nation was trying to unite again after the Civil War and Fisher's speech has themes of patriotism, national unity and justification for the Union cause in the war. While extending an olive branch to the South he also makes great effort to justify the Union cause as the war had not been that popular in the North and many were apparently still questioning whether the it had been worth the terrible cost in lives.

In addition to being a good example of 19th century oratory, it also gives us an insight into the issues of the day as well allowing us, who have had to deal with the costs of war in our own century, to feel the emotion of our ancestors who had been through a terrible war themselves.

Samuel S. Fisher's Decoration Day Speech

A year ago these mounds, beneath which dead heroes sleep, were strewn with garlands by loving hands and watered by tears from loving eyes. The flowers that we scattered have long since withered; the Spring that gave the flowers has long since passed away. Summer and Autumn and Winter have come and gone. Each grave has been wrapped in a winding sheet of snow, and bleak winds have sung dirges over the spot which the living had deserted.

But nature never forgets the dead. From her lap she brings forth green blades and leaves and modest wild flowers, and herself decks their graves with beauty. We can only add her gifts to us to her gifts to them. She does more than this; for if there be any tomb unknown to us, or that we have forgotten, any peaceful sleeper in some village churchyard, in the lonely wood, by the roadside, at the ford, on the picket line, or tenting still "on the old camp ground," she has found the spot where he lies, and flung over him her mantle of beauty.

If these graves be dear to her, by how much more are they dear to us!

We read in an old familiar story that one day, in the Roman forum, the earth opened and a great gulf yawned in the very midst. The augurs said that the gulf would never close its horrid mouth until it had been fed with the most precious thing in Rome. There was doubt as to what the most precious thing might be, when a soldier, armed and mounted, rode boldly forward and plunged into the chasm, declaring that there could be nothing so precious as a life given for one's country.

One day, in our own land, stretching from side to side, from ocean to desert, a great gulf yawned dividing in twain families, communities, States, yea, the very nation itself. Into this widening chasm we have cast our most precious possessions, the youth, the strength, the talent, the virtue, the patriotism of the land. From homes where gray-haired grandsires still spoke of Washington, from cabins which sheltered the emigrant of yesterday fresh from the shores that he left in search of freedom, from the lap of luxury, from cramping poverty, from the wayside of the blacksmith, from the broad acres of the farmer, from the woodland clearing of the pioneer, from the jeweled cave of the miner, from the halls where pale students gathered, from the marts of trade where busy merchants thronged with the bounding step of youth, with the sober walk of manhood, ay, and with the halting of age, they come in a great throng to stand between the nation and its foes. Life was as dear to them as to others - death not more welcome, but life must end and death must come, and they sang the song of the old hero "Who kept the bridge so well:"

Then out spoke brave Horatius, the Captain of the Gate:
‘To every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late.
And how can man die better than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers, and the temples of his Gods,

The gulf is cleared, but sealed and scared like these beneath us now and reminding of how great the sacrifice. The storm has passed, but many giants of the forest are laid low, and many trunks are torn and twisted and maimed and blasted. We can never chant in too lofty strains the praises of those who saved the nation. No body of men were ever more unselfish, more truly patriotic, more actuated by noble motives, less led by the love of gain, less goaded by ambition, less deluded by the phantom of glory. Glory! Why, here in or presence, beneath yonder monument, rest more than two regiments of your countrymen, whose very names are unknown yet, whose deeds were as noble, whose loss is as keenly felt, whose places are as hard to fill, and for whom as many tear drops fall as for any whose titles are cut in enduring bronze or sculptured marble. We come not here to mourn the loss of men like these. Fire no minute gun over their graves - toll no funeral bell. Rejoice, rather, that the nation has given birth to such sons. Deck their tombs with the crowns and garlands and laurel wreaths of victory - bid their children and ours mark well their example; and for ourselves, let us draw fresh inspirations of love for our land and for liberty, and seek from them lessons of deliverance from narrow party spirit, greed of gain and lust of power.

And first among these lessons these graves remind us that we have a country. This seemed once to be doubted. We were told by unfriendly nations, and ourselves repeated and half believed the charge, that we were such worshipers of gold that we had lost the love of country; that the very form of our Government had fostered State pride, and destroyed pride in the nation; that men loved party, but not their native land; that they hated their political opponents, but not their country's foes; that, boasting of our liberty, we were a nation of slaves; that our coin was a circulating falsehood, and our flag a flaunting lie. This reproach has been taken away forever; but the answer to the foul slander is found, not so much in the great uprising when Sumter fell - not so much in the flag of BARBARA FRITCHIE, and the thousands of waving banners that floated from loyal house-tops - not so much in gathering bands of armed men, or in the treasure freely offered - it is found here. If any man shall hereafter ask, "Do Americans love their country?" " Have we a nation?" from these mounds shall the question receive its final, conclusive, eternal answer - for if these men had no country, why are they here?

Another lesson, which we review to-day, is the oft-told tale of history, that no nation can live that is founded on wrong. There was a time when we refused to heed this warning; we stilled the voice of conscience and defied the voice of God; we sought in the virtues of our fathers to find excuse for their errors; we put union before right, and with the memory of dead compromises sought to shut out the knowledge of living wrongs. We failed. Not until we stood squarely upon right and liberty did success follow our banners. repenting of our sin, we live, while our foe, who clung to it, has perished. But we were slow to learn this lesson, and the teaching was sharp and terrible - how the young, the brave, the noble, the good, upon either side, were madly sacrificed that we might learn that "Right is Might, and Truth is God." For how many weary days and months and years the war dragged slowly on, while upon both sides men prayed with equal unction for Divine assistance. Both sides were wrong, and no help came to either. When we became right the fight was over. We were fighting for union - they were fighting for slavery. God meant that we should fight for liberty. Whatever statesmen may plan or armies try to execute,

"His truth goes marching on."

It is but a little while since these hills were a great fortification, resounding with the notes of war. Here, in long extended chain, around the seat of Government, stood the men who now, rank upon rank, rest behind the battlements which they built and manned. Then their living bodies protected the Capital of the Nation from the grasp of those who would have seized upon it with unhallowed hands - who would have withstood the will of the people and perverted the free institutions of the land. Those living lines were never broken - the city over which they kept watch and ward was never lost. Today they rest from their labors and hardships, but they remain at the post of duty - they sleep, but they sleep in line of battle, and sleep upon their arms. It seems as if in thy gray of morning, the long roll might break their slumbers and that a mighty host would fall in line and stand again to their guns; and in truth, not less dead than living are they a wall of defense. Let the man who wishes his country ill look well upon these grass-grown mounds. If there be one here who would still destroy what these have preserved, who would impair the right of self government, who would surrender the principles which have baptized in blood and purified by fire who would pull down the statue of liberty and set up a throne - let him look upo0n the shadowy forms of these soldiers of freedom and of the Republic as they form ranks again, again rush to the charge, again shout their war cry and again fall amid the din of strife; and remembering what history they have written, what people they represent, what mothers bore them, what fathers trained them, and what children they have left behind them - let him stay his hand and cry, with one who, like him, loved the bloody road to power: "By Saint Paul, shadows to-night have struck more terrors to the soul of Richard, than could the substance of ten thousand soldiers." For if the hand of treason should again be raised, and the living should stand aloof, it seems as if these graves would open and the dead come forth to shame them. There is yet another lesson which we many learn in this presence. That battle cry is no longer sounded. War's thunders have rolled muttering away, and skies are bright after the storm.

Our heroes are sleeping side by side with those whom they withstood in battle, and they sleep in peace. In the graves dead foes have stricken hands, and proclaimed a truce forever. Let the living strike hands also; for we are not enemies, but brethren. The nobler part of man may succumb to a temporary madness, but he is nevertheless a man; and when the cloud has passed away, he is to be restored to a man's loves and rights and privileges.

Brother, late our foe in battle, but brother still, this country was always our joint inheritance - this flag was always our joint banner. The glory of our past belongs to both of us. Our grandsires and our fathers stood side by side in battle - sat side by side in council. The glory of the future belongs to both of us; this purified land; this great united people; these broad acres, stretching from ocean to ocean, yet bound by a cord of commerce that made of oceans near neighbors, and of mountains level plains; this boundless wealth, this tireless energy, this hunger for progress, this thirst for knowledge - it is yours, it is ours, and no man ca take it from us. We alone can despoil and destroy the rich inheritance. Over brothers' graves let brothers' quarrels die. Let there be peace between us - nay, more, let there be love between us - that these swords that we have learned so well to use may, if ever used again, strike only at the common foe. In a few days assembled thousands in the City of the Pilgrims will sing anthems of peace. Let the song be taken up throughout the land - by the shores of the great lakes, by the waters of the Gulf, in the land of the loom and spindle, in the land of gold, on broad prairies, on sunny savanah - let the chorus again and again break forth, "Peace on earth, good-will toward men." We have had enough of war; too many widows' weeds are scattered in this throng - too many orphan children are gazing upon this scene. It was a just and righteous war. It was nobly fought and nobly won. Thank God it is over; and, let us hope, it will be revived only in memory. And now, we lay our tribute upon these tombs. To these, who rest beneath this tomb of the unknown, lost to fame but great in deeds, let us give our choicest flowers, - for here, unrecognized, may be the form of some stout soldier who stood in the critical hour when the fate of the nation hung trembling in the balance on some bloody field, and when to stand was to gain the victory. The forms of those whom he loved may not be with us to-day. They, alas, know not that he is here, but we know that all who rest in this spot or in yonder vast and beautiful camp of the dead, form a worthy part of the noble army of martyrs, whose epitaph is written "faithful until death."